April 28, 2011
20 centuries since the 90 What are the characteristics of new trade protectionism? Impact on China trade? How do we face? – [Meat]
> 20 since the 90 What are the characteristics of new trade protectionism? Impact on China trade? How do we face?>> New trade protectionism in the contemporary global Ten Features>> 20th century, 90 years, the rapid development of information technology in accelerating the process of economic globalization and integration, and promote the development of global trade liberalization, but also exacerbated the imbalance in economic development of countries, causing a new trade protectionism. Compared with the traditional trade protection, the focus of attention in the implementation of the means of protection means to protect the motivation and purpose and has demonstrated the impact of the top ten outstanding features. A new focus of trade protection trade protection in the theory of the past, both countries used infant industry protection theory, is popular in developed countries, strategic trade policy, its focus is mainly economic issues, focusing on industry development. The difference is that the former is the infant industry protection, which protection is a strategic industry. But in recent years the popular theory of the new trade protection such as protection of employment, protection of the environment on the other, its focus has been extended to the social problems of economic problems, from industrial development to the people themselves. Among them, the employment of concern is the protection of human labor power, protect the environment of concern is the people living environment, green barriers concern is the health and safety. Focus of the new changes in trade protection, which leads to labor standards, social responsibility, international standards certification (SA8000), product quality and certification standards, veterinary and phytosanitary standards applied by developed countries have become an important tool for trade protection. Such as the United States, France and Italy are discussing an agreement, requiring all Chinese textiles, clothing, toys, footwear and other export products, companies must obtain SA8000 certification, or they will boycott imports. Second, the implementation of the new trade protection measures to protect their own industries, in the framework of the traditional theory of trade protection, the countries mainly through non-tariff barriers such as tariffs and import restrictions on trade policies implemented. The new trade protection in the framework of the theory, change the focus of protection, the traditional means of trade protection has been limited, the new means of trade protection changes: (1) to protect the grounds of fair trade, abuse of WTO anti-dumping, anti-subsidies and safeguard measures, anti-dumping by imposing high taxes encourage companies to implement anti-dumping or a way to achieve the purpose of import restrictions. If the United States in October 2000 were adopted by white German amendment providers. (2) to protect consumer safety and health grounds, through the establishment of a new animal and plant inspection and quarantine measures, environmental and technical standards undermine the other advantages of industry international competitiveness. As October 2003, the Commission promulgated the Japan stipulates that after 2003, Japan imported rice to be labeled species, origin, producer name and certification number, etc., or prohibit the sale. (3) to maintain the grounds of the fundamental rights of workers, social responsibility through the establishment of a new international standard>> standard certification, reduce labor-intensive products of developing countries in international competitiveness. Currently, more than 200 multinational companies worldwide to develop and implement a code of corporate social responsibility, to require suppliers to comply with labor standards and contract factories. According to statistics, in China, has been Carrefour, Nike, Adidas, Avon, more than 50 multinational companies such as General Electric, launched a social responsibility audit. Experts predicted that China coastal areas are currently receiving such audits more than 8,000 enterprises , 50,000 enterprises ready for inspection. Since the age of the workers involved in labor standards, overtime, accommodation conditions, human rights, technical standards related to a country technical regulations and technical standards and other issues, to the means of trade protection tariffs and other trade policy shift by the labor standards and technical standards socio-economic and technology policy. (D) more diverse means of protection first, anti-dumping, countervailing and safeguard measures and other traditional means of protection are still frequent applications. Second, the technical barriers, green barriers, intellectual property protection, labor standards and other trade barriers guise, be applied more widely. Developed countries to use their own environmental and technological advantages, to develop more environmentally friendly, technology, goods and labor standards in order to weaken the developing countries with low labor costs and gain export competitiveness. As these new means of trade protection has a good orientation, hidden and flexibility, some technical and environmental requirements to improve the technical level, to safeguard consumer interests as the starting point, and even trading standards can be regarded as neutral, in addition to WTO the application of trade measures for these restrictions are not uniform, therefore, its protective effect is more prominent, further exacerbating the worldwide trade friction. Three new trade protection trade protection in the traditional manner under the framework of trade protection, mainly through tariff and non-tariff barriers to restrict imports, protecting domestic industry, the defense establishment. Reduction of tariffs by the WTO and the abolition of non-tariff barriers and other restrictions, the new way of trade protection , new changes have taken place: (1) through export subsidies, protection of domestic markets to achieve economies of scale, etc., by restricting imports shifted to expand exports. Such as export subsidies in Europe and America to support the air jet and Boeing aircraft development, the expansion of international market share; the Japanese market by limiting imports to protect domestic semiconductor manufacturers to make their own economic advantages of scale and improve competitiveness in foreign markets, to expand export purposes. (2) multilateral trade negotiations through the comparative advantage of developed countries into the WTO in the framework of the industry, forcing other countries to open markets to expand exports. If Clinton was in power, through the Uruguay Round negotiations, which will include trade in services, open the service trade market. At the same time, also reached in 1997, January 2000 related to information technology products to achieve zero tariffs. (3) through the establishment of labor standards, technical standards, the purpose of achieving a comprehensive ban on the import. SA8000 and enterprises such as multinational corporations orders will be linked to, does not meet the standard can not be exported; January 2002, the EU imported from China part of the animal-derived foods contain pesticide residues of chloramphenicol residues and the Chinese system does not meet the requirements of the ground complete ban on the import of products of animal origin from China; January 2003, the European Commission published Directive No. 2003/03/EC, prohibit the textile and leather products used in crystal blue coloring agent called azo dyes, the product of The instruction shall not be less than imports. Four new motivation and purpose of trade protection trade protection in the traditional framework, mainly in developing countries, infant industries on to establish their own industries through tariff protection line of defense, strategic trade policy is mainly tariffs and subsidies by developed countries to achieve the scale economic efficiency, expand market share and improve the international competitiveness of domestic industries. The new trade protection theory is fundamentally cut>> weak even to each other loss of international competitiveness. Its main features: (1) by imposing anti-dumping duties and other high weaken the international competitiveness of other countries. If developed countries, labor-intensive exports of developing countries on average charge more than 10 times higher than the industrial countries, the anti-dumping duties. in electrical and electronic equipment Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive No. 2002/95/EC equipment for the collection, treatment, recycling and environmental disposal costs financed by the producers and so on. the experts predict Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive will cover two more than 2,000 domestic enterprises and 27 billion US dollars, exported machinery and electronic products in China will implement the EU serious impact on exports. (3) by setting the animal and plant quarantine standards, labor standards, so that labor-intensive exports of developing countries in terms of loss of international competitiveness. If developed countries continue to increase export of aquatic crystal packing and quarantine standards, by the the original items, increased to dozens of dozen, led China exports of aquatic products in recent years due to packaging failure to be expelled from the market , the loss of up to 70 million; United States to implement the social responsibility of certification of the minimum wage and working hours of workers and put forward specific requirements, making Chinese enterprises due to excessive costs, or failed to pass the SA8000 certification and can not get orders, and other multinational companies. V. Whether the effectiveness of the new trade protection trade protection measures to take which, through its purpose restrict imports to increase exports to drive its economic development and employment, access to the greatest economic benefit. But a lot of facts also show that the result of trade protection not only failed to protect the purpose of the economic benefits, but instead paid a painful price. in the traditional the framework of trade protection, we see the result of trade protection is not only a loss to the consumer, so that producers have paid a heavy price, and, because Lerner symmetry effects, the Government has restricted imports of other countries also limit their exports, so that their exports were affected. Meanwhile, the British Treasury and the DTI recently published study, the global economy has suffered huge losses, the developed countries of trade barriers so that the world economy continued loss of 500 billion US dollars annually. In the new trade protectionism is rampant today, although no detailed data demonstrate a new trade protection for domestic consumers, producers and a State losses, but from George W. Bush took office, the United States the results of the implementation of new trade protection resulted in a growing trade deficit. With China accession to WTO and the decline in tariffs since the cancellation of non-tariff barriers, China trade to double-digit growth, more than economic growth, and are quickly becoming the world third largest trading nation. which can be>> to predict, the new trade protectionism will also face the same cost of traditional trade protection. Sixth, the impact of new trade protection in the traditional trade protection, trade protection of domestic infant industries, or the object, declining industry, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guarantees, or domestic strategic industry. to non-tariff barriers such as tariffs and quantitative restrictions to trade protection measures not only directly affect a country related industries, covering the field of micro-economic, and through import and export structure and industrial structure changes will ultimately affect a country economic growth and employment. The new trade protectionism is different, as the new principal means of trade protection through labor standards, environmental standards, technical standards and other trade restrictions, be non-compliant products can not be imported. and to make export products meet the above criteria, you must change the existing model of economic development and development strategies, adjust the social and economic policies, establish and improve relevant legal systems, thus affecting not only the new trade protection the economic field, but also penetrate into the domestic social and economic system. If the Doha negotiations as the new issues – trade and environment issues, although the differences between the developed and developing countries are not satisfied that the current WTO framework of the system of people, but in order to address environmental barriers to achieve sustainable economic development, China has begun to adjust the economic development strategy for the establishment of the recycling economy. and improve labor laws and regulations, improve the social security system is accelerating pace. origins of seven new trade protection after nearly 20 years of development, the development countries in the global share of total trade has been by the 1 / 4 increased to 1 / 3, export trade structure has also undergone a major change: from the past, the major grain exporting agricultural products and resources and become the main export of manufactured goods, the production of high value- added products. Q) With the advancement of developing countries in international trade in manufactured exports in competition with developed countries, the developed countries to start the white labor-intensive products from developing countries to implement strict protection. not only the use of traditional trade instruments to 4 times higher than the industrial countries, the high tariff restrictions on imports of manufactures from developing countries, and in order to weaken the competitiveness of developing countries, while developed countries in the technical aspects of using the advantages of the technology through the establishment of strict standard limit exports from developing countries, on the other hand the use of developing countries in terms of environmental protection and working conditions of the disadvantaged, through multilateral trade negotiations, labor standards will be incorporated strongly into the WTO framework, the limited labor-intensive exports of developing countries. as in the Uruguay Round negotiations, the United States and France for the first time the introduction of labor standards in trade. Subsequently, and after the establishment of the first WTO Ministerial Conference, the labor standards into WTO ministerial meeting issues . recognized labor standards, but do not directly linked with the trade. After, the United States at the WTO Seattle meeting, made public on the World Trade Organization to establish labor rights violations of the national implementation of the sanctions regime, once again attempting to negotiate labor standards into agenda. attention to environmental protection consistent with the objectives of sustainable human development is proposed labor standards will also help protect workers>> fundamental rights, but ignore the developed and developing countries in terms of environmental protection and working conditions, a large gap between linking it with trade, into the WTO framework, not only weaken the labor-intensive exports of developing countries in terms of advantages, serious harm to the interests of developing countries, and because of shrinking markets in developing countries, developed countries will also affect the market development. Eight new source of trade protection since the 90s of the 20th century, the rapid development of information technology, while accelerating the process of economic globalization and integration, and promote the development of global trade liberalization; the other hand, increasing the national economy uneven development, triggering a new trade protectionism. Its main features: (1) the imbalance between developed countries industrial development, resulting in international multilateral trade negotiations, the developed countries to implement their own weaknesses industry protection, it is difficult to agree on issues of common concern. If the Doha Round negotiations on agricultural grain in export subsidies, the Cairns Group proposal to abolish and prohibit all forms of agricultural export subsidies, while the EU does not agree to be terminated or significantly reduced the export time subsidies, that the Cairns Group proposal is discriminatory export subsidies, can not accept, advocate gradual reduction of export subsidies; the special safeguard measures, the United States insisted on removing the special agricultural practices, and advocating the preservation of Japan, and the introduction of seasonal and perishable the special agricultural safeguard mechanism crystal. (2) developed within the traditional industry and modern industrial development imbalance, leading to strongly advocate for their own countries to implement free trade competitive industries, and their integration into a unified framework to the WTO, for their own weaknesses industry to implement trade protection. If the United States in the Uruguay Round services will be incorporated national competitive industries in the WTO framework, established the. (3) industry development between developed and developing countries the imbalance, leading to international multilateral trade negotiations in the developed and developing countries in their respective topics of concern to a big difference, it is difficult to reach a consensus on multilateral trade the negotiation process. as in the Doha Round negotiations, the developed countries eager to start the Singapore issues, namely trade and investment, trade and competition policy, transparency in government procurement and trade facilitation negotiations, and developing countries is that developed countries pay more attention to agriculture grain production of export subsidies and market access issues, differences and disagreements between the two great causes failure of the Cancun meeting, the basic objectives of the Doha Round is still not achieved. nine new trade protection trade protection and the traditional relationship between the means of tariff reduction, removal of quantitative restrictions is the WTO basic principles. After much negotiation, although the overall average tariff level of less developed countries, but in areas such as agriculture and textiles are still using traditional means of trade protection – higher tariffs to protect their disadvantage industries, tariff peaks and tariff escalation the problem is still serious: (1) tariff peaks, the European Union in 2003, the average tariff rate for all products was 6.4%, but in the field of agricultural products, meat,>> dairy products, seafood and fruit processing still maintain tariff peaks, high tariffs on dairy products up to 209.9%. Similarly, the index calculated in accordance with international tariff peaks, the US textile and apparel 259 grain products still maintain high tariffs, in which tariffs on clothing products 33.3% tariffs on certain wool fibers was 31.5%. (2) in tariff escalation, the EU tariff-making in textiles, raw materials, the average rate of 0.7%, while the average tax rate was 11.9% apparel, clothing is much higher than tariffs tariffs on textile materials. At the same time, developed countries continue to impose quota limits on some products, such as the 2003 Japanese dairy products, leather products 20 tariff quotas. EU on Chinese exports of footwear, pottery, porcelain tableware A total of nine categories of industrial grain products under the tariff items such as quantitative restrictions. In addition, to resolve international trade disputes, in order to maintain fair trade, tariffs and quantitative restrictions are still members of anti-dumping and safeguard measures an important tool. and traditional compared to the trade measures, but for the country and has been for a different product . ten new trade relationship between protectionism and free trade, the history from the perspective of international trade, free trade and protection of trade is often alternately. The second After World War II, as the world economic recovery from the crisis, a depression of a high change, international trade policy to protect trade also experienced a trade liberalization process, a new trade protection. And in the contemporary economic globalization and the development of information an international context, the global industrial structure adjustment in the large, slow world economic growth, uneven development of national productivity, leading to free trade and new trade protection at the same time. The main embodied in: the one hand, multilateral trade WT0 negotiations, the trade and environment, trade facilitation, trade and competition policy, trade and technology transfer , trade and debt, financial, e-commerce and other issues listed 7 new people in the Doha Round to promote global trade liberalization; another aspects of regional economic groupings and the rapid development of bilateral trade negotiations, internal unity of the open policy, foreign trade protectionism. the one hand, urged developed countries to start the composed of representatives of the Group of 21 developing countries, joint implementation of a boycott. developed competitive industries in the country in one hand, strongly advocated free trade, such as the United States to actively promote e-commerce, service trade and intellectual property rights and other aspects of the negotiations will be incorporated into the W, rO framework; the other hand, their disadvantage in the industry to implement trade protection through various means, such as textiles and clothing quotas, subsidies and other measures for agricultural products. US presidential election, due to domestic protectionism, and the fiscal deficit and trade deficits in the short term is difficult to fundamentally eliminate, the new international trade protectionism is expected to be more prevalent. but because of economic globalization and the establishment of the World Trade Organization, free trade will become an irresistible trend.>
